Joby Aviation Readies for Take-Off
Tom Slater
Key Points
- Joby Aviation’s electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) ‘flying taxis’ are soon to enter service in Dubai
- Scottish Mortgage manager Tom Slater explains how the Californian company is tackling multiple engineering and regulatory challenges
- Joby’s mastery of engineering, software, manufacturing process and aviation law inspires confidence
As with any investment, your capital is at risk.
JoeBen Bevirt grew up in a remote Californian hippie commune called Last Chance in the mountains behind Santa Cruz. Every day the school bus dropped him four miles from home, leaving him to trudge from the Pacific Highway up “an endless hill that made me dream of a better way to get around”.
Many others now share his dream, thanks to Joby Aviation, the flying taxi company he founded in 2009.
Now it envisages “saving a billion people an hour per day” by filling the skies with quick, clean, quiet and safe electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft (eVTOLs, pronounced ee-veetols). Flying without fossil fuel, they can travel 100 miles at up to 200mph.
Joby’s progress in capital raising, aeronautical design, software, manufacturing and assembly, plus its stamina for the grind of regulatory approval, puts Bevirt’s vision within reach. With it comes the possibility of transforming how and where we live.
The eVTOL Revolution
EVTOLs promise to cut congestion, reduce emissions and slash journey times. But as with electric cars, the just-about-to-happen period can be prolonged.
Dubai could be the tipping point. Last November, Bevirt and the city-state’s Crown Prince broke ground at Dubai International Airport on the first of four ‘vertiports’ for Joby’s four-passenger eVTOLs, known as S4s. The first paying passenger flights are slated for later this year.
On a good day, a bumper-to-bumper car journey from the airport to the luxury island of Palm Jumeirah takes 45 minutes. Joby is aiming for 12. Other vertiports will be built at Dubai’s Marina and the Downtown shopping area.
Speeding novelty-loving Gulf-dwellers and tourists to the shops may not have featured in Bevirt’s plans when he founded Joby 16 years ago, but Dubai is a chance to prove his firm’s technology and business model.
The firm has also announced a tie-up with Virgin Atlantic to operate short-haul flights in the UK if they’re approved by regulators. The deal holds out the promise of eight-minute zips from Heathrow to Canary Wharf and hopping from Manchester Airport to Leeds in 15 minutes.
As a pre-revenue company, the sooner it generates income, the more control it has over its fate.
Back in the US, Joby awaits approval from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Last autumn the regulator published its long-awaited rulebook for eVTOLs, the first new aircraft category since the helicopter in the 1940s.
Once it gives the green light, Joby can launch the first of its sky taxi services from Los Angeles Airport to downtown LA and from JFK Airport to Manhattan. The latter journey takes 50 minutes by car, seven minutes by Joby.
Desert Home
Joby HQ is a dusty aerodrome at Marina, California, near where Bevirt grew up. This is far off the beaten track for tech investors, who tend to cluster around the San Francisco Bay area.
Colleagues who have visited report on the close camaraderie and a high-fiving, hard-driving culture set by the charismatic founder as he strives to get eVTOLs airborne.
The site houses the firm’s first production line, which Joby built with the help of its manufacturing partner Toyota. It’s a pilot for a planned facility at Dayton, Ohio, where Joby intends to turn out 500 of its S4s with a $500m investment from the Japanese giant.
Scottish Mortgage’s work on electric cars helped us understand Joby’s potential to reduce carbon emissions in the highly polluting aviation sector. And it was Tesla’s former chief financial officer, Deepak Ahuja, who introduced us to Bevirt and his executive chairman, Paul Sciarra.
Sciarra is the ideal foil for Bevirt’s engineering genius and critical to Joby’s blend of traditional aeronautical engineering skills and software startup mindset.
As a successful founder in his own right, Sciarra brings operational and management focus to the company. The pair have assembled a leadership team that knows how to operate at scale, can develop training and safety programmes, and is able to ramp up manufacturing.
Executive Chairman of Joby, Paul Sciarra, on how its electric vertical take-off and landing (eVOTL) aircrafts are well-placed to revolutionise how people travel in modern cities, on our podcast Invest in Progress.
Listen to the podcast here.
What’s Changed?
As with electric cars, the swing factor for eVTOLs has been batteries becoming lighter, cheaper and more powerful. The S4s distribute the batteries’ power between six propellers.
This removes the need for a heavy central engine and allows the vehicles to keep flying safely if a propeller fails.
Another crucial unlocking factor is noise. Skilful engineering means that a Joby aircraft in flight sounds more like rushing wind than the whump-whump of a helicopter or the whine of a drone.
And without the dangers posed by giant swirling blades just above head height, urban operation becomes feasible.
However, the biggest innovation may not be design or aviation software – a safety-critical field where novelty is unwelcome. Rather, it could be the company’s ‘vertically integrated’ business model: in the footsteps of Tesla and SpaceX, Joby wants to be Boeing-plus-British Airways, so to speak.
Using its proprietary ElevateOS software to help pilots navigate and passengers book, the firm intends to earn revenue from four sources: a rideshare taxi service, selling aircraft to third parties, government contracts and maintenance services.
The scale of this ambition appeals to Scottish Mortgage. In our experience, you need vertical integration to move fast.
Many founder-leaders have taught us that when it comes to new kinds of hardware, controlling every part of the process makes you nimbler than the incumbents and their traditional supply chains.
We’re also impressed by Joby’s early focus on a cost-effective and time-efficient manufacturing process. It’s setting out to create ‘a machine to make machines’ at Dayton.
Not just: how do we get the FAA’s go-ahead? More: how do we get approval for a set of processes that will quickly let us do this at a greater scale?
Productive Partnerships
This ambition is manifest in the quality of talent the company hires and how it approaches the multiple tasks at hand.
We also like the way it engages with regulators and commercial partners, including:
- Toyota: Renowned for efficient, high-quality manufacturing, the carmaker has invested $900m in total. The partnership helps validate Joby’s ability to make highly complex aircraft and parts precisely and reliably.
- Delta Air Lines: The US’s second-biggest airline is working with Joby to help its passengers get to the airport, removing one of the biggest friction points of air travel and hinting at the scale of future opportunities. The collaboration encompasses the recent tie-up with Virgin Atlantic, in which Delta has a 49 per cent stake.
- US Air Force: Joby has supplied two non-combat aircraft for logistics, personnel transportation and medical evacuation, with two more on order. The military test process is separate from the FAA’s, though the flying hours it racks up will help achieve civil certification.
Operational excellence and strategic tie-ups are just two of many things Joby needs to get right. But perhaps even more important is its financial planning. Joby has funding partners who understand that they’re there for the long run. It has prioritised a robust balance sheet and not worried about diluting the founders’ shares.
For longer commutes, the S4 could also be the eco-friendly option. An independent study compared the greenhouse gas emissions of a fully loaded eVTOL and an electric car with a typical occupancy of 1.5 passengers. It found the aircraft produced fewer emissions per passenger mile when journeys exceeded 62 miles.
That eVTOL edge could increase if hydrogen power is combined with battery power. Bevirt is now applying his creative energy to the company’s next stage, developing Joby’s potentially more energy-efficient hydrogen-electric SHy4 demonstrator model. It completed a 523-mile test last November, with water as the only by-product.
Ultimately, Scottish Mortgage’s investment in Joby rests on the prospect of shareholders benefiting from returns from the transportation revolution it could bring about. With a successful eVTOL business, we would be talking about more than an incremental improvement to the gridlock and pollution blighting people’s lives.
That tallies with our core quest for businesses that can disrupt the world for the better.
About the author - Tom Slater
Tom has been the Manager of Scottish Mortgage since 2015, having been appointed as Deputy Manager in 2009. He joined Baillie Gifford in 2000 and became a Partner of the firm in 2012. Besides Scottish Mortgage, he is the Head of the US Equities Team and a member of another long-term growth equity strategy. During his time at Baillie Gifford, Tom has also worked in the Developed Asia and UK Equity teams. His investment interest is focused on high-growth companies both in listed equity markets and as an investor in private companies. He graduated with a BSc in Computer Science with Mathematics from the University of Edinburgh in 2000.
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